ABSTRACT
Background: Study of the index (2D) and ring (4D) digit ratios and their association with some physical characteristics of South Indian Population was done to determine the values of 2D:4D digit ratios and their association with other anthropometric variables. Materials and Methods: 160 adults (80 males and 80 females) between ages of 18 years and above were randomly selected with exclusion of those with hand deformities. The digit lengths were measured from the basal crease to the tips using vernier calipers. The 2D:4D ratios were determined for each subject while height and weight were used to calculate the body mass index and data analyzed. Results: The results showed significant difference in 2D:4D ratio between males and females. (p<0.001). Mean height of males exceeded the mean height of females and the mean weight of males exceeded the mean weight of females .Mean BMI of males also exceeded that of females. There was a positive correlation between the second digit length and Height and weight in males and females both on right and left sides. There was also a significant correlation weight and second digit length in males.The 2D:4D ratio for both left and right hand did not show any positive correlation with height, weight or BMI of an individual from people of South India. Conclusion: The results show a positive correlation between the digit lengths and height in both males and females and between weight and second digit length in case of males but the 2D:4D digit ratio had no relationship to height ,weight or BMI.The analysis also demonstrated that the males have greater 2D:4D ratio compared to females. The results of the study can be of importance in the field of forensic anthropology.
ABSTRACT
Spleen is the largest lymphoid organ of the body. Variations in the diaphragmatic surface of spleen are extremely rare which makes it significant. We observed an unusual fissure on the diaphragmatic surface of the spleen during routine dissection. Knowledge of this variation of spleen is important for radiologists, surgeons, clinicians and anatomists.
ABSTRACT
Retromolar foramen is found in the triangular area behind the lower last molar tooth and it allows the passage of neurovascular bundle that contribute to the nutrition and innervations of the pulp and periodontium of the lower teeth. In the present study one hundred and twenty mandibles were examined for the presence of retromolar foramen .Retromolar foramen was found in two mandibles bilaterally and in thirteen mandibles unilaterally (in 10 on the right side and in 3 on the left side). The distance between posterior third molar to the retromolar foramen was found to be an average of 9.8mm on the right side and 8.05mm on the left side. Distance between anterior border of ramus to retromolar foramen was found to be an average of 5.68mm on the right side and 5.77 on the left side. Retromolar foramen is surgically very significant. Knowledge of this anatomical variation can prevent complications in anaesthesia and surgical procedures in this area.
ABSTRACT
Anomalies of the urinary system constitute approximately 30% of all the congenital malformations. There are various associated anomalies involving number, size, shape, position and vascularity of the kidneys. Unascended kidneys refers to a halt in the migration of the kidneys during their normal embryological development. Defect in the ascent of the kidneys are closely related with variations in the branching pattern of aorta. Here we report a case of an unilateral unascended right kidney in a male cadaver encountered during routine medical dissection. A left sided ureteric calculi was also seen as an incidental finding in the same cadaver. Ureterolithiasis occurs worldwide in all sets of population with 80% of the stones found in the male sex in the age group of 30- 60 years. There are various factors which favour the formation of ureteric calculi which includes geographical, socio-economical as well as the mineral content of water consumed and some general medical causes. An attempt has been made to document the causes for this variation and the preventive measures that can be adopted to prevent the formation of ureteric calculi.